Investing

Bonds: You are lending money

A bond is a loan to a government or company, and its market price can still move before maturity.

5 min

Bonds

Buying a bond means lending money.

The borrower is usually a government or company. You are the lender.

Stocks and bonds give you different relationships with an organization.

01

Stock

You own part of a company.

02

Bond

You lend money to an issuer under agreed terms.

A basic bond has a few moving parts.

01Principal, or face value02Interest payments03Maturity date04Issuer

Maturity is when the loan is due to be repaid.

If the issuer meets its obligations, the bondholder receives the promised payments according to the bond's terms.

The contract can be easy to picture.

Face value$1,000
Example coupon rate4%
Annual interest$40
Maturity5 years

But a bond can have a market price before it matures.

If you sell a bond before maturity, the price someone will pay may be above or below its face value.

Interest rates and existing bond prices often move in opposite directions.

01

Market rates rise

Older bonds paying lower rates can become less attractive, putting pressure on their market prices.

02

Market rates fall

Older bonds paying higher rates can become more attractive, supporting their market prices.

That means “fixed income” does not mean “fixed market price.”

The scheduled payments may be defined, while the price of the bond can still change before maturity.

Bonds also carry risks.

01The issuer may fail to make promised payments02Interest-rate changes can affect market value03Inflation can reduce the purchasing power of fixed payments04Some bonds can be harder to sell quickly

Government and corporate bonds do not carry identical risk.

Different issuers have different abilities to repay. Bond yields often reflect, among other things, the risk investors see in lending to that issuer.

Bonds can play a different role from stocks in a portfolio.

They can provide income and different risk characteristics, but the right mix depends on the investor and the specific bonds involved.

Remember this

A bond is a loan, not a savings account.

The repayment terms matter, but so do the issuer's credit quality, the maturity and what happens to the bond's market price before then.

Lesson complete

Reviewed 2026-08-18

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